Reactive Attachment Disorder ( Ptsd ) - 1717 Words

Reactive Attachment Disorder 1. Introduction Reactive Attachment Disorder is classified under Trauma- and Stressor- Related Disorders under the new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The following mental disorders are also classified under Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders: Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder, Adjustment Disorders, Other Specified Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorder, and Unspecified Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorder (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Reactive Attachment Disorder is a fairly uncommon mental disorder where the child (onset is usually before age five) has severe disturbances in social relatedness with others (Seligman Reichenberg, 2014). This results in the child not turning to a primary caregiver (e.g. mother) for comfort, protection, or support. This behavior of not seeking support from a primary caregiver is related to the main di agnostic feature of the disorder, which is underdeveloped attachment (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). As a result of underdeveloped attachments with the primary caregiver, the child will display aggressive and hostile towards the mother an may even seek attachment with strangers (Seligman Reichenberg, 2014; Speltz, McClellan, DeKlyen, Jones, 1999). Altogether, there are six main diagnostic criteria for Reactive AttachmentShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of Trauma Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pagesthe onset of birth, we are born with 100 billion neurons, much more than we will ever need and much more than we will ever have. Between these neurons, trillions of synapses are created. Depending upon the early life experiences in relation to attachments with caregivers and our environment, some synapses will be strengthened whilst others will be discarded. It is estimated by the U.S. Department of Health and Human services that one million children are victims of child abuse and neglect in theRead MoreReactive Attachment Disorder ( Rad ) Essay1351 Words   |  6 PagesReactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) was first introduced just over 20 years ago, with the publication of DSM-III (American Psychiatric Association, 1980). In the DSM-IV. The disorder is defined by aberrant social behavior that appears in early childhood and is evident cross contextually(1994). The disorder describes aberrant social behaviors in young children that are believed to derive from being reared in caregiving environments lacking species-typical nurturance and stimulation, such as in instancesRead MoreDifferent Views Of Foster Care2875 Words   |  12 Pagesof attachment disorders. When taking a child from their home environment, any relationships that had been built, or were in the process of being so, is immediately interrupted and can be very detrimental on the child (Troutman, Ryan, Cardi, 2000). Children face many obstacles when they are removed from their birthparents or immediate caregivers. One of the major disorders they face can be Reactive Detachment Disorder, which is described in the textbook as: â€Å"†¦reactive attachment disorder involvedRead MoreThe Crucible, By Arthur Miller1790 Words   |  8 PagesWilliams is to blame, but not entirely, for successfully sentencing many to death because the town did not consider the possible environmental mental disorders, she shows symptoms of primarily, Borderline Personality Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Reactive Attachment Disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a mental disorder that is caused by a childhood traumatic event which leads to mental and behavioral instability. Abigail’s trauma roots in her â€Å"[seeing] Indians smashRead MoreThe Crucible, By Arthur Miller1790 Words   |  8 PagesWilliams is to blame, but not entirely, for successfully sentencing many to death because the town did not consider the possible environmental mental disorders, she shows symptoms of primarily, Borderline Personality Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Reactive Attachment Disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a mental disorder that is caused by a childhood traumatic event which leads to mental and behavioral instability. Abigail’s trauma roots in her â€Å"[seeing] Indians smashRead MorePtsd2879 Words   |  12 PagesPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often associated with war veterans. These days, assuming symptoms of PTSD in soldiers returning from combat tours is almost stereotypical. In fact, in the 2012 American Psychological Association (APA) annual meeting, some argue to change PTSD to post-traumatic stress â€Å"injury† to be more accommodating to soldiers, and to resolve the issue of unreported PTSD-related symptoms within military ranks (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Military officials explainedRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1062 Words   |  5 PagesPTSD Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD History, Diagnosis, Presentation and Neurology and EEG and treatment Even though traumatic experiences were first discussed in the context of patients with hysteria , which had both psychological and somatic symptoms, by Freud, William James, and Pierre Janet, it was not until World war I that trauma was identified as a factor in mental health disorders by the professional mental health community. (Herman, 1997).Post-traumatic Stress Disorder was first incorporatedRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress And Trauma On The Human Psyche1657 Words   |  7 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in some adults and children (Barlow, 2014; Courtois Ford, 2013; Soloman Siegel, 2003; Yarhouse, Butman McRay, 2005). This paper will explore PTSD as it is understood within the field of psychology and neuroscience beginning with a brief look its historical development in the American Psychiatric Associations’ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to the most current DSM-5th edition. The epidemiology and etiology of PTSD will focus primarilyRead MorePsychological And Psychological Aspects Of Psychological Disorders1814 Words   |  8 PagesPsychological Disorders A psychological disorder is a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance within an individual’s cognition, emotion, regulation, or behavior. Typically, a behavior is marked as disturbing or dysfunctional when they interfere with one’s day-to-day life. The medical model approach assumes that a psychological disorder is a mental illness and comes with physical causes that can be diagnosed, sometimes treated, and sometimes cured through therapy or possibly throughRead MorePsychiatric Illness: Reactive Attachment Disorder2561 Words   |  11 PagesReactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is a psychiatric illness that is characterized by problems with emotional attachments and usually presents itself around the age of five (Reactive attachment disorder, 2013). Parents or caregivers might notice that the child has emotional attachment issues by the age of one though (Reactive attachment disorder, 2013). The DSM-IV goes on to describe RAD as also including the first or second category (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). The first category describes

Effects Of Obesity On Children s Children - 1384 Words

Research Paper: Effects of Obesity in Children â€Å"From small fries to BIG MAC’s† America, home of the brave, land of the free and plagued with obesity. For many years this country has fallen victim to obesity and the many effects that it has as a direct result. America has become the fattest nation in the world even though it is more advanced than most countries. We as Americans tend to consume whatever we want whenever we want and this has begun to affect our future. The children of America have fallen victim to ignorance and influence when it comes to obesity. Instead of home cooked meals from parents, these children’s meals are replaced with McDonald’s, Chinese take-out, or worse snacks and candy. The time that used to be spent†¦show more content†¦The Preventive Medicine article, talks about a study that showed the connection between lack of physical activity and childhood obesity and its future consequences (Ellison R.C.H. 2003 â€Å"Preventive Medicine). Ultimately, it was proven tha t higher levels of physical activity during childhood lead to less body fat acquired by the time of early adolescence. There are many diseases that come as a direct result of obesity and less activity amongst children especially diseases such as sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease. Sleep apnea is a sleeping disorder caused by abnormal pauses in breathing or instances of abnormally low breathing during sleep. According to â€Å"Sleep Apnea and Obesity†, a study done by John C. Yu, MD; there is a direct correlation between the increasing rate of obesity and the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea. As the adipose tissue increases due to obesity, the surrounding airway becomes blocked and it becomes hard for the individual to breathe. Once a person becomes clinically obese and their BMI increases, they will begin to see symptoms of sleep apnea. In addition to sleep apnea, another disease that our children become exposed to is Cardiovascular Disease. Also known as heart disea se, cardiovascular disease is really a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. This disease occurs when the blood vessels begin to be clogged due to the fat that becomes prevalent in the blood

Choosing A Map For Life By M. Scott Peck - 1213 Words

Thu Le Professor Mary Margaret Lobb HUMN 1301.04 September 21, 2015 Our reality â€Å"Choosing a Map for Life,† by M. Scott Peck, â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave,† by Plato, The Truman Show and â€Å"Salvation† by Langston Hughes describe the true reality in our world. They make us think about wherever that is true or false. Also, in order to find the truth, we have to get out, discover the world around and revise it. In the article â€Å"Choosing a Map for Life†, Scott Peck compares each person’s view and reality to a map—which is used to guide us through the journey. He says that â€Å"The more clearly we see the reality of the world, the better equipped we are to deal with the world.† Peck also says that people tend to ignore the reality because it is painful and the others’ views are narrow and misleading. I think it’s true because by facing the reality, we will know who we are, what we can do in the future to make us reach our goal. The reality can be a mistake that we made and can be hurt but that’s how we learn and experience. In addition, Peck mentioned that in order to have a precise map throughout our life, â€Å"we have to continually revise them. The world itself is constantly changing.† I agree with this statement because as the world is changing, we have to change too. We cannot go through life with perspective that we had when we were a child, we have to grow up and look at the world differently. During my childhood, my parents always said that it wasn’t good to go out by myself, but as IShow MoreRelatedThe Allegory Of The Cave, By M. Scott Peck Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesTrue Reality â€Å"Choosing a Map for Life,† by M. Scott Peck, â€Å"The Allegory of the Cave,† by Plato, â€Å"The Truman Show† and â€Å"Salvation† by Langston Hughes describe the views and perspective of the reality in our world. We have to get out, discover the world around and revise it. By setting up a map or goal and revising it in the world, will make us to control our perceptions and draw close to the reality. In the article â€Å"Choosing a Map for Life†, Scott Peck says about the accurate map will guide us toRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesStrategies for market nichers Military analogies and competitive strategy: a brief summary The inevitability of strategic wear-out (or the law of marketing gravity and why dead cats only bounce once) The influence of product evolution and the product life cycle on strategy Achieving above-average performance and excellence Summary 387 390 396 423 425 427 427 427 428 438 447 461 463 465 474 478 484 489 493 495 497 497 497 498 500 505 510 515 517 518 520 522 523 528 528 534 Stage Three: How mightRead MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 PagesPolytechnic Institute, all in engineering. From 1969 to 1984 he was a faculty member of the School of Industrial Systems Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology; from 1984 to 1988 he was at the University of Washington, where he held the John M. Fluke Distinguished Chair of Manufacturing Engineering, was Professor of Mechanical Engineering, and was Director of the Program in Industrial Engineering. Dr. Montgomery has research and teaching interests in engineering statistics including statisticalRead MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesis a brand which offers either features, component ingredients or services which becomes the unique selling proposition (USP) of offering. e.g Dietcoke, Dabur amla, and Neem amp; Margo soaps have branded component and gradient and American express, Life insurance corporation (LIC) and Taj group of hotels have the branded services associated w ith their names. c) Co-Brands: Co-branding occurs when brands from different organizations combine to create an offering in which each plays a driver roleRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagesof Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK) Concepts to Text Topics Chapter 1 Modern Project Management Chapter 8 Scheduling resources and cost 1.2 Project defined 1.3 Project management defined 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 2.1 The project life cycle (.2.3) App. G.1 The project manager App. G.7 Political and social environments F.1 Integration of project management processes [3.1] 6.5.2 Setting a schedule baseline [8.1.4] 6.5.3.1 Setting a resource schedule 6.5.2.4 Resource leveling 7.2 SettingRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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DHL Service Process Analysis free essay sample

Service Blueprint for DHL Global Delivery Process DHL’s Service System Evaluation DHL is consistent with their mission of making the most scale and experience and passion, and to be the first choice worldwide. DHL with their eService and technology has excellent services that provide access to systems that ensure customers have control and visibility of their supply chains at all times. Products can be track, and ordered online. Operates on global scale, in more than 220 countries, provides services that appeal to most of the world, they have such a large market in which to operate, and made tremendous revenue. They can also achieve global economies of scales. DHL is being cost effective with implementation of the smart-truck project, it is the program which allows DHL to deliver faster the data are transmitted directly to the dynamic route planning system, which recalculates the routes, depending on the current order situation and volume of traffic. We will write a custom essay sample on DHL Service Process Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page DHL values are that they are well known and with a very good reputation, creativity for improving the effectiveness of DHL with its customers, for them it implies estimating the time requires for collecting the goods from the doorstep of the sender and the estimating the time for the package to reach the final customer or destination. Physical Evidence Customer Arrive Ask for delivery Services Drop off package Pay and leave Line of information Contact Persons Greeted by Customer Service Representatives Customer Service Represetative provides service requested Custoner services Representative describes the type of services and takes package with the airway bill The representative Checks to see if the airbill is complete and correct The representative takes payment, charge credit card or customer account The representative takes the package to be shipped to the sorting center Line of visibility Onstage Employee The night or day shift gets package to be shipped to the sorting facilities Prepare Package for Shipment Support Bakcstage Employee Online Tracking System Provide airbill, time for delivery and rate information Customer Services Representative Envelopes and boxes available for Customers

A Domestic Dilemma Dealing with Alcoholism Essay Example

A Domestic Dilemma Dealing with Alcoholism Essay Example A Domestic Dilemma Dealing with Alcoholism Paper A Domestic Dilemma Dealing with Alcoholism Paper Essay Topic: Emma This fiction addresses such problems as what would the neighbors think, what would people at the office say, how safe are the children around their mother when she is drunk, and what can Martin do to help his wife and their marriage. This story is about the dilemma or decisions Martin feels forced to make dealing with alcoholism. Alcoholism can cause families to face difficult decisions In their lives and the abuse of alcohol usually goes undetected until It Is too late. In this story, Martin Is trying to understand how Emily alcohol abuse started;He himself had always enjoyed a good drink. When they were still In Alabama they had served long drinks or cocktails as a matter of course. For years they had drunk on or two?possibly three drinks before dinner, and at bedtime a long nightcap. Evenings before holidays they might get a buzz on, might even become a little tight. But alcohol had never seemed a problem to him (66-67). Muscles writes about the abuse of alcohol and how it causes domestic violence, child abuse or neglect and an emotional strain on the family as a whole. Dealing with a loved ones alcohol abuse can be emotionally draining and that causes domestic violence to accelerate; There were times of unexplainable malevolence, times when the alcoholic fuse caused an explosion of unseemly anger (Muscles 67). Martin is trying to keep his life stable and picture perfect in everyones eyes. Hiding the fact that Emily drank, he went as far as hiring a maid, at a costly price, to manage the household. But the strong denial or rationalization of Emily abusing alcohol made It extremely difficult for Martin to help her: l havent the vaguest idea what you mean. Unless you are referring to the glass I used for a spot of hurry (Muscles 66). Thus, after he hired a maid, Emily then started to hide her drinking. Before Martin knew it, the drinking was out of control and the violence started. Martin was yelling at Emily up in the bedroom about her drinking and how sick he was about it and how bad it was for the family as a whole. The arguing continued down in th e kitchen, when Emily appeared, now yelling in front of the children. Confrontation and yelling is a sign of domestic violence that can escalate into greater, more Intense violence, and the children are the ones who suffer the cost. Alcoholism does not only affect the person drinking. It affects the entire family. Child abuse and neglect Is much more common when there Is alcohol abuse In the family. Muscles shows that Emails drinking caused her to neglect her childrens DSSSL needs In ten quest Tort more alcohol . When Marten came none en Tuna t childrens toys were left outside, only breakfast seemed to have been fed to the children, and the children were unsupervised in the living room playing with cords and plugs while Emily was upstairs drinking. The story makes it seem as though the hillier have been alone since Emily served them breakfast and mistakenly put cayenne on the toast instead of cinnamon. l like to have burnt up, Andy said, Drank water and ran outdoors and opened my mouth (Muscles 65). Neglecting others needs for the need to drink is only part of the problem of alcoholism. Child abuse happens more often when alcohol is involved, some-times unintentionally by the user. Then there was an accident. Coming home from work one evening about a year ago, he was greeted with screams from the childrens room. He found Emily holding he baby, wet and naked from her bath. The baby had been dropped, her frail skull striking the table edge, so that a thread of blood was soaking into the gossamer hair. Emily was sobbing and intoxicated. (67) Martin seems to be carrying a lot of pain and concern for his wife, his Job, his family and his life in general. Emily is hiding loneliness and depression by drinking. Alcoholism was causing a distressing strain on them both. The strain was becoming overwhelming and children were being affected by it. Emily drinking causes an enormous emotional strain on Martin. He feels obligated to cover up her drinking, and finds it hard to deal with Emily problem of depression. The inner emotional strain of it all causes him to hate his wife. Martin anticipated his own embarrassment, wondering if the others at the office could possibly suspect. He felt that his secretary had divined the trouble long ago and pitied him. He suffered a moment of rebellion against his fate; he hated his wife (69-70). His thinking becomes consumed with his own anger. He starts to ponder the fate of his future and the fate of his children and all looked ghastly. He even envisions his children dead. Life decisions were being made in haste and out of anger all because of Emily alcohol abuse. Alcoholism can cause families to face difficult decisions. Muscles places Martin in a dilemma, a patrolled dimension of hate and love for Emily and what he was going to do about the alcoholism. This story takes place in the sasss when there was neither any program for alcohol abuse, nor the want to advertise that there might be an abuse problem in your family. As far as Martin was concerned he was alone and he alone would have to come up with the solution to this problem. Muscles shows that Emily has the classic signs of Alcoholism: People who are dependent on alcohol spend a great deal of time drinking alcohol and they have memory lapses (blackouts) after drinking episodes. Did I make a scene? Oh, Martin, did I make a scene before the children (Muscles 69)? Two minutes prior to saying that Emily was kneeling on the floor talking to her son. Alcoholism changed Emily from a simple, Joyful woman, to a lonely, depressed individual. At the end of the story Martin in sorrow and love looks at his wife as a different person. For the first time that evening he looked at his wife (Muscles 71). By moonlight he watched his wife for the last time (Muscles 71). He says goodbye to the women he married, the naturally simple women, the mother of his beautiful children and the person he loves and started looking at his wife in a new way, as an alcoholic. A Domestic Dilemma Day Carson Muscles snows ten consequences, suffering Ana neglect that can come from alcohol abuse. Because of the alcoholism, Martin sacrifices his love for Emily and their marriage for the best interest of himself and his children.

Golden Lion Tamarin Facts

Golden Lion Tamarin Facts The golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) is a small New World monkey. The tamarin is easily identified by the reddish gold hair that frames its hairless face like a lions mane. Also known as a golden marmoset, the golden lion tamarin is an endangered species. So far, the tamarins have been saved from extinction by captive breeding in zoos and reintroduction into their native habitat. However, the outlook for this species in the wild is grim. Fast Facts: Golden Lion Tamarin Scientific Name: Leontopithecus rosaliaCommon Names: Golden lion tamarin, golden marmosetBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 10 inchesWeight: 1.4 poundsLife Span: 15 yearsDiet: OmnivoreHabitat: Southeastern BrazilPopulation: 3200Conservation Status: Endangered Description The most obvious characteristic of the golden lion tamarin is its colorful hair. The monkeys coat ranges from golden yellow to red-orange. The color comes from carotenoids- pigments in the animals food- and the reaction between sunlight and hair. The hair is longer around the monkeys hairless face, resembling a lions mane. The golden lion tamarin is the largest of callitrichine family, but its still a small monkey. An average adult is about 26 centimeters (10 inches) long and weighs about 620 grams (1.4 pounds). Males and females are the same size. Tamarins have long tails and fingers, and like other New World monkeys, the golden lion tamarin has claws rather than flat nails. New World monkeys, like the tamarin, use elongated fingers with claws to catch and eat prey. Steve Clancy Photography / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution The golden lion tamarin has a tiny distribution range, restricted to 2 to 5 percent of its original habitat. It lives in three small areas of coastal rainforest in southeastern Brazil: Poà §o das Antas Biological Reserve, Fazenda Unio Biological Reserve, and tracts of land set aside for the Reintroduction Program. Golden lion tamarin range. Oona Risnen IUCN   Diet Tamarins are omnivores that eat fruit, flowers, eggs, insects, and other small animals. The golden lion tamarin uses its elongated fingers and toes to catch and extract its prey. Early in the day, the monkey feeds on fruit. In the afternoon, it hunts for insects and vertebrates. The golden lion tamarin has a mutualistic relationship with nearly a hundred plants in the forest. The plants offer the tamarins food, and in return, the tamarins disperse seeds, helping regenerate the forest and maintaining genetic variability in the plants. Nocturnal predators hunt the tamarins when they are sleeping. Significant predators include snakes, owls, rats, and wild cats. Behavior Golden lion tamarins live in trees. During the day, they use their fingers, toes, and tails to travel from branch to branch in order to forage. At night, they sleep in tree hollows or dense vines. Each night, the monkeys use a different sleeping nest. Tamarins communicate using a variety of vocalizations. Reproductive males and females communicate using scent to mark territory and suppress reproduction of other troop members. When the dominant female dies, her mate leaves the group, and her daughter becomes the breeding female. Displaced males can enter a new group when another male leaves or by aggressively displacing one. Tamarin groups are highly territorial, defending themselves against other golden lion tamarins in their range. However, the practice of changing sleeping sites tends to prevent overlapping groups from interacting. Reproduction and Offspring Golden lion tamarins live together in groups of 2 to 8 members. A tamarin group is called a troop. Each troop has one breeding pair that mates during the rainy season- usually between September and March. Gestation lasts four and a half months. The female usually gives birth to twins, but can have anywhere from 1 to 4 infants. Golden lion tamarins are born with fur and with their eyes open. All members of the troop carry and care for the infants, while the mother only takes them for nursing. The babies are weaned at three months of age. Females become sexually mature at 18 months, while males mature at 2 years of age. In the wild, most golden lion tamarins live about 8 years, but the monkeys live 15 years in captivity. Conservation Status In 1969, there were only about 150 golden lion tamarins worldwide. In 1984, the World Wildlife Fund for Nature and National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C. started a reintroduction program that involved 140 zoos around the world. However, threats to the species were so severe that the tamarin was listed as critically endangered in 1996, with a total of 400 individuals in the wild. Today, the golden lion tamarin is categorized as endangered on the IUCN Red List, but its population is stable. An assessment in 2008 estimated there were 1,000 mature adults and 3,200 individuals of all ages in the wild. Despite the success of the captive breeding and release program, the golden lion tamarins continue to face threats. The most significant is habitat loss and degradation from residential and commercial development, logging, farming, and ranching. Predators and poachers have learned to identify monkey sleeping sites, affecting the wild population. Golden lion tamarins also suffer from new diseases when they are translocated and from inbreeding depression. Sources Dietz, J.M.; Peres, C.A.; Pinder L. Foraging ecology and use of space in wild golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia). Am J Primatol 41(4): 289-305, 1997.Groves, C.P., Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 133, 2005. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.Kierulff, M.C.M.; Rylands, A.B. de Oliveira, M.M. Leontopithecus rosalia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2008: e.T11506A3287321. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T11506A3287321.enKleiman, D.G.; Hoage, R.J.; Green, K.M. The lion tamarins, Genus Leontopithecus. In: Mittermeier, R.A.; Coimbra-Filho, A.F.; da Fonseca, G.A.B., editors. Ecology and Behavior of Neotropical Primates, Volume 2. Washington DC: World Wildlife Fund. pp. 299-347, 1988.

NURSING RESEARCH LITERATURE ( REPORT) Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NURSING LITERATURE ( REPORT) - Research Paper Example Those who satisfied above criteria were included; others were excluded. The inclusion criteria with cofacilitators focused on the diversity in their age and on their experience with SBSGs. Also on those who were enthusiastic about group and those who had reservations. Data saturation was reached when no new information was obtained. 2. What type of sampling design is this? Is the sampling design a probability or non-probability technique? This is a non-probability sampling design. This was a convenience sample in that it was readily available. There was little control/ limit over participants aside from assuring that they represented/ included certain criteria. 3. What was the sample size? Is this size adequate for the type of study (qualitative or quantitative)? What was the setting for the study? This was a qualitative study, which, generally, can have a smaller sample than a quantitative study. It, generally, tries to gather a sufficient number in order to achieve richness and depth. Its sample size here was 21 participants (7 males and 14 females). Sufficient for this type of study. The setting was two different high schools in a Midwest suburban area that featured students from middle and lower socio-economic backgrounds. administrators, school administrators, group cofacilitators, and participants (2) Participant observations that were conducted weekly at two high schools in the school district over one semester. (3) A focus group evaluation that was conducted at the conclusion of a support group held at one of the two high schools. (4) Written evaluations that were obtained at the final group session at both sites. The process: Initial interviews represented pertinent forms and documents being surveyed (for instance, the program manual, a set of minutes from a school counselor’s meeting, and group evaluations from one counselor.) Participants were observed for 4 hours. Observations included 5